MIME Types Reference

.txt .log .ini .conf

Plain text; the safe default when nothing else fits.

.html .htm

HTML document; browsers switch to the HTML parser on this type.

Watch out: Always send a charset, otherwise CJK text may be decoded wrongly.

.css

Stylesheet; the charset parameter replaces a @charset rule.

.js .mjs

The spec-preferred JS type; application/javascript is legacy.

Watch out: Use it for module scripts too; application/javascript gets rejected.

.md .markdown

Markdown source; servers usually serve it as a download.

.csv

Comma-separated values; garbled Excel output usually means missing charset or BOM.

Watch out: For Excel to read UTF-8 Chinese, prepend a BOM.

.tsv

Tab-separated values.

.ics

Calendar events; mail clients turn these into invites.

.vcf

Contact card.

.sse

Server-sent events; must be paired with Cache-Control: no-cache.

Watch out: Proxy buffering makes events arrive late; disable proxy_buffering.

.json .map

JSON payload; the default for APIs.

Watch out: Do not append charset: JSON is UTF-8 by spec.

.jsonld

Structured data for SEO rich results.

—

JSON Merge Patch (RFC 7396) for PATCH requests.

—

JSON Patch (RFC 6902), an array of operations.

.ndjson .jsonl

One JSON value per line; common for logs and streaming exports.

.xml

XML document; the preferred type (text/xml is obsolete).

.xhtml

XHTML parsed strictly as XML; one unclosed tag breaks the page.

.yaml .yml

YAML document, common for configs and Kubernetes manifests.

.graphql

GraphQL query text.

.proto .pb

Protocol Buffers binary, more compact than JSON.

.wasm

WebAssembly module; application/wasm is required for streaming compilation.

Watch out: Serving octet-stream disables streaming compilation and slows startup.

.pdf

PDF document; browsers open it inline or download.

.doc

Legacy Word 97-2003 format.

.docx

Word document in OOXML, the modern format.

.xls

Legacy Excel 97-2003 format.

.xlsx

Excel workbook in OOXML.

.ppt

Legacy PowerPoint 97-2003 format.

.pptx

PowerPoint presentation in OOXML.

.odt

OpenDocument text document.

.ods

OpenDocument spreadsheet.

.rtf

Rich Text Format, widely portable.

.epub

E-book; it is a zip container, hence the +zip suffix.

.png

Lossless bitmap with alpha support.

.jpg .jpeg

Lossy photo format; no alpha channel.

.gif

Only 256 colors; supports animation and transparency.

.webp

Both lossy and lossless; smaller than JPEG.

.avif

AV1-based, better compression but slower to encode.

.svg

Vector format; it is executable text, treat linked SVGs as untrusted.

Watch out: Opening uploaded SVGs inline executes embedded scripts; force attachment.

.bmp

Uncompressed bitmap, large files.

.tif .tiff

Common in print and scanning; multi-page and lossless.

.ico

Favicon used in browser tabs.

.heic .heif

Default camera format on Apple devices; not supported by older browsers.

.apng

Animated PNG with full alpha.

.jxl

JPEG XL with strong compression and lossless, limited browser support.

.mp3

MP3 audio, the most compatible.

.ogg .oga

Ogg container, usually Vorbis or Opus.

.wav

Uncompressed audio, large files.

.weba

WebM audio container.

.aac .m4a

AAC audio, common on Apple devices.

.flac

Lossless compressed audio.

.opus

Best voice quality at low bitrates; common in real-time calls.

.mid .midi

MIDI instructions, not an audio waveform.

.mp4 .m4v

MP4 video, the most compatible.

.webm

WebM video, natively supported in browsers.

.ogv

Ogg video container.

.mov

QuickTime video, common in editing workflows.

.avi

Legacy AVI format.

.mpeg .mpg

MPEG video.

.mkv

Matroska container, supports multiple tracks and subtitles.

.ts

MPEG transport stream used by HLS; unrelated to TypeScript files.

.woff

Web font (WOFF), widely supported.

.woff2

WOFF2, best compression; prefer this one.

.ttf

TrueType font.

.otf

OpenType font.

.ttc

Font collection holding multiple faces.

.zip

ZIP archive.

.gz .tgz

gzip compresses a single stream; pair it with tar to bundle files.

.tar

tar archive; it does not compress by itself.

.7z

7z archive with a high compression ratio.

.rar

RAR archive; the official type is now vnd.rar.

.bz2

bzip2, smaller than gzip but slower.

.zst

Zstandard, a good speed-to-ratio balance.

.xz

xz, best ratio but heavier on CPU.

.bin 未知类型

Fallback for unknown binary; browsers always download it.

Watch out: Using it as a default turns images and PDFs into downloads.

—

Required for file uploads; urlencoded cannot carry binary.

—

Default encoding for plain forms; key-value pairs are URL-escaped.

—

Response body type for ranged and resumable downloads.

.mpd

MPEG-DASH streaming manifest.

.m3u8

HLS playlist, natively supported by Safari.